Partnerships and practices: a scoping review of engaging older adults living with frailty in the research process.

Tennis is a high-intensity, intermittent sport requiring repeated acceleration, deceleration, changes of direction, and stroke execution []. Match-analysis evidence also shows that change-of-direction actions occur frequently during professional tennis matchplay, underscoring the importance of neuromuscular qualities for tennis performance []. These demands require high levels of speed, explosive power, agility, and sport-specific technical control, and physical fitness is considered an important determinant of match performance and competitive level []. Higher stroke velocity during serves and offensive strokes is also considered an important characteristic of tennis-specific performance []. Accordingly, identifying effective training strategies to improve physical fitness and tennis-specific performance remains an important focus of tennis research. Despite the growing number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, several important limitations remain []. First, previous reviews have often used broad outcome classifications, with limited differentiation among peak serve velocity, mean serve velocity, and groundstroke velocity []. This limited differentiation may reduce the practical value of review findings for tennis-specific training. Second, previous reviews have often included mixed-sex samples or participants across wide age ranges [,]. Sex-related differences in strength, muscle characteristics, and neuromuscular adaptations, together with maturation-related differences in youth athletes, may influence training responses [–]. Youth and young adult male players may also differ in maturation status, strength base, and movement stability and control [,]. Pooling these groups may therefore complicate interpretation of the pooled estimates []. Evidence focused specifically on male tennis players, particularly youth and young adults, remains limited [,]. Although a recent systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized NMT interventions in tennis players, uncertainty remains regarding evidence in male players and the interpretation of specific tennis-performance outcomes []. Accuracy-related evidence also remains unclear because existing studies have focused primarily on velocity- and fitness-related outcomes, and it remains uncertain whether changes in accuracy accompany improvements in velocity [–]. Serve accuracy and shot placement accuracy have also not consistently been examined separately [].