Endometriosis: surgical management for fertility enhancement.

Intensive care units (ICUs) provide a critical role in treating patients with complex health conditions, including those with life-threatening illnesses. As a result, the management of patients' pain and anxiety present exceptional difficulties in the ICU. Patients in the ICU have a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety due to the setting, including physical factors (medical devices, cables, etc.), unfamiliar individuals, invasive medical procedures, and loss of independence. Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation frequently experience pain due to the intubation process and ventilation itself, with discharged patients often able to recall the pain they felt in the ICU. Indeed, patients commonly experience physical and psychological symptoms of pain and anxiety during extubation, the process of removing an endotracheal tube (ETT) after mechanical ventilation has ended. Sedation and analgesics are most frequently used to manage pain and anxiety, as well as to prevent unintended extubations. Despite lighter sedation practices being used in the ICU since the early 2000s, oversedation continues to occur. Oversedation often leads to negative health outcomes, including delirium, a continued reliance on mechanical ventilation, memory loss, and in some cases, death. Furthermore, patients who are oversedated experience pain and delays in their ability to recuperate. Accordingly, there has been an uptake of interest in the use of nonpharmacological strategies to manage patients' pain and anxiety, including the use of music.