Witchcraft accusations against older women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review and community-based inclusive development framework synthesis.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition marked by recurrent instances of either partial or total blockage of the airway while sleeping []. The severity of the condition is influenced by how often these episodes occur []. Pediatric OSA usually presents with consistent snoring, along with cognitive and behavioral issues like learning challenges, attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, which may be associated with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder []. The occurrence rate among children is between 2% and 4% []. The majority of children fall within the age range of two to eight years, which is linked to the proportionate size of the lymphatic tissue in the upper airways []. It has been established that craniofacial abnormalities and adenotonsillar hypertrophy are factors that raise the occurrence of OSA []. Like adults, obese children seem to have a higher risk for developing sleep-disordered breathing, and the severity of OSA appears to correlate with the level of obesity []. With a more complex spectrum of symptoms, there is no obvious relationship between the severity of the clinical presentation and daytime symptoms in children with OSA []. Untreated OSA is linked to a range of complications such as neurobehavioral problems, delays in growth and development, cardiovascular dysfunction, and resistance to insulin []. The diagnosis of pediatric OSAS requires a thorough clinical history, focusing on physical examinations, especially in the ENT region, as well as nocturnal and daytime symptoms and comorbidities, along with specific questionnaires given to parents. Nocturnal oximetry and portable polysomnography are essential components of the evaluation []. Numerous studies indicate a relationship between treating pediatric OSA and enhancements in cognition, behavior, quality of life, and sleep []. In a study carried out in Saudi Arabia, a total of 1,000 participants showed that the overall knowledge level was poor for 80.7% of the sample and good for 19.3% []. In a study conducted in Jeddah, it was revealed that most parents visiting the pediatric clinic in Jeddah possessed little knowledge regarding the symptoms and risk factors associated with pediatric OSA []. In another study conducted in Jazan, researchers found considerable gaps in awareness of pediatric OSA symptoms and their effects on children's academic success and mental well-being. Although knowledge was limited, parents showed a willingness to engage in early intervention for pediatric OSA. The research indicates that parents with a larger number of children demonstrated greater understanding of POSA []. Another research study revealed that the understanding of pediatric OSA among graduating medical and dental students in Saudi Arabia, as well as recent graduates, was not satisfactory [].