From waste to nutrition: valorization strategies for surplus and ugly produce within the Food Use and Waste Hierarchy.

As populations age, preserving the cognitive abilities that support independent living has become a central concern in healthy aging research. Although dementia incidence has declined in some settings, longer life expectancy and the growing number of older adults mean that age-related cognitive decline and dementia-related disability remain major public health challenges (; ). Within this context, executive function is particularly relevant because it enables older adults to organize behavior, maintain goals, adapt to changing situations, and participate in everyday activities (). Inhibitory control, one core component of executive function, refers to the capacity to withhold dominant responses, ignore task-irrelevant stimuli, and maintain attention on current goals. These processes are closely connected with daily self-regulation in older adults, including attentional control, health-related decision-making, behavioral inhibition, and fall-risk management. Previous evidence indicates that inhibitory control changes with age at both behavioral and neural levels, while compensatory neural recruitment may occur during cognitive control tasks (). Because this cognitive domain may remain responsive to behavioral and psychological influences, identifying related factors could inform efforts to preserve cognitive health, functional independence, and quality of life in later life. Research on movement behaviors has increasingly shifted from single-behavior models to an integrated 24-h perspective. Within this framework, physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep are viewed as interdependent components of the same finite day, rather than as isolated behaviors. For older adults, this perspective is especially relevant because lower PA, prolonged sedentary time, and changes in sleep patterns often occur together. Focusing on one behavior alone may miss how time allocated to one domain necessarily reduces time available for another, as well as how these behaviors combine to shape health-related outcomes (). Evidence from older populations also suggests that overall adherence to 24-h movement behavior guidelines remains low, whereas meeting more recommendations is generally linked to more favorable physical and psychological health outcomes (). Accordingly, a 24-h movement framework may provide a more realistic basis for understanding healthy aging than approaches that evaluate PA, SB, or sleep separately. A growing body of evidence connects 24-h movement behaviors with executive function in older adults. A review involving more than 23,000 older adults indicated that higher PA, less passive SB, and appropriate sleep duration tend to co-occur with better cognitive performance (). In older samples, compositional analyses have further shown that the allocation of time across 24-h behaviors is related to executive function, with more time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA or light PA being associated with more favorable cognitive outcomes, including inhibitory control (; ). Evidence from randomized trials and research syntheses also indicates that exercise interventions can benefit executive function in middle-aged and older adults, with inhibitory control emerging as one of the more consistent domains of improvement (; ). Collectively, these studies suggest that associations between movement behaviors and executive function in older adults may be domain-specific rather than uniform across all executive function subdomains. For example, one older-adult study examining both planning and problem-solving performance and Stroop-based inhibitory control showed that combined PA and SB patterns were not uniformly related to all executive function measures, highlighting that movement behavior–cognition associations may depend on the executive function domain being assessed (). Meta-analytic and functional-connectivity evidence further indicates that age-related executive function changes are heterogeneous and may involve both domain-general and process-specific patterns, supporting the need to examine more narrowly defined subprocesses (). Inhibitory control is particularly relevant in this context, as evidence from Stroop paradigms indicates that cognitive inhibition is sensitive to later-life changes, and recent older-adult research has examined associations between habitual stepping activity and Stroop task performance (; ). Therefore, focusing on inhibitory control provides a theoretically relevant basis for examining 24-h movement behavior guideline adherence in relation to a specific executive function domain in older adults. However, most existing studies have focused on time-use composition, single movement behaviors, or global executive performance. Less attention has been given to guideline adherence as a public health-oriented indicator, and direct evidence for inhibitory control as a specific executive subdomain remains limited. Therefore, behavioral time allocation alone may not fully explain individua