A conceptual multi-agent architecture for mental health triage in post-conflict Arabic-speaking populations: a theoretical proposition and staged validation argument.

A high prevalence of underweight status, along with insufficient energy intake and poor dietary balance, has been reported among young Japanese women. The 2023 National Health and Nutrition Survey states that approximately 20% of women in their twenties have a BMI below 18.5, and adherence to balanced meals combining staple foods, main dishes, and side dishes remains low. Such dietary habits tend to persist during pregnancy and may influence gestational weight gain (GWG). The GWG is intricately associated with birth outcomes. Excessive GWG increases the risk of macrosomia and caesarean delivery, whereas inadequate GWG is associated with low birth weight (LBW) and fetal growth restriction. Notably, undernutrition increases the risk of ischaemic heart disease and diabetes later in life. Japan has a higher prevalence of LBW than other countries, and international comparisons indicate that Japanese women tend to have particularly low GWG. Therefore, ensuring adequate GWG is an important public health concern for Japanese pregnant women. Japan developed a Pregnancy and Lactation version of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top (JFGST-P/L) to support dietary improvement during pregnancy. The JFGST-P/L provides practical guidance on food groups and their recommended amounts, enabling pregnant women to better understand their overall dietary intake. Nutritional counseling based on the JFGST-P/L has been shown to increase the intake of staple foods and vegetables.