Not just 'Asian' but Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Chinese, and mixed Asian American: Examining depression in an ethnically heterogenous sample of Asian American young adults.

Problem gambling is one of the most harmful behavioral addictions, affecting not only individuals who gamble but also broader social and economic systems worldwide,, posing a significant public health concern. Its adverse consequences include relationship conflicts, criminal behavior, emotional distress, and substantial financial burdens. The prevalence of problem gambling varies globally; a previous systematic review reported rates ranging from 5.8% in the highest prevalence country to 0.12% in the lowest. Despite its serious impact and relatively high prevalence in some regions, it is estimated that only 0.23% of individuals with problem gambling seek professional help. Moreover, current strategies for early detection and intervention have shown only limited effectiveness. Therefore, identifying comprehensive related factors and developing effective screening systems for high‐risk groups are essential to prevent the onset and progression of problem gambling. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by catecholaminergic dysfunction, particularly involving the dopamine and noradrenaline systems, and is recognized as a related factor for problem gambling. A meta‐analysis reported that 9.3% of help‐seeking individuals with problem gambling had comorbid ADHD. Notably, even when ADHD symptoms do not meet the diagnostic threshold, subclinical ADHD traits have been identified as related factors for problem gambling. A large‐scale study involving over 7000 individuals in the United Kingdom found that those with ADHD symptoms had a higher prevalence of problem gambling than those without such symptoms. Additionally, comorbid ADHD has been shown to negatively impact clinical outcomes in individuals with gambling disorders, with co‐occurring cases experiencing more frequent and severe relapses. Collectively, these findings suggest that ADHD contributes not only to the development of problem gambling but also to its clinical course and prognosis. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are also associated with ADHD; however, their relationships with problem gambling remain insufficiently explored. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that shares molecular and genetic features with ADHD, and the two conditions frequently co‐occur, with approximately 13% of children diagnosed with ADHD also meeting criteria for ASD. However, it remains unclear whether ASD is an independent related factor for problem gambling. A systematic review of 30 studies reported a positive association between ASD and behavioral addictions. However, as to association with gambling, it involves only one study, leaving gambling‐specific evidence limited. In contrast, other research suggests that ASD traits are significantly associated with lower rates of addiction., These inconsistencies may stem from interaction with ADHD. A previous study involving 197 Japanese participants reported that while ASD traits alone were negatively associated with problem gambling, the co‐occurrence of ADHD and ASD traits was positively associated. Given the small sample size of that study, further research in a larger cohort is warranted to clarify these associations.