Cannabis use frequency may differentially impact cognitive performance in young adults with and without HIV.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint located bilaterally within the craniomandibular complex and plays a vital role in mastication, deglutition, speech, and other parafunctional activities. Various pathophysiological, behavioral, psychological, and structural factors may alter normal masticatory function and contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) [,]. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines TMD as pain in the muscles of mastication associated with restricted jaw movement and joint sounds []. TMD is also characterized by clicking or popping sounds during jaw movement, headache, earache, and facial pain. In some cases, hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles and abnormal tooth wear due to parafunctional habits such as bruxism may also be observed []. A recent systematic review reported a global prevalence of TMD ranging from 31% to 34% []. In India, a study reported a prevalence of 53.2% among individuals aged 16-60 years using the Fonseca questionnaire, with males more commonly affected []. As TMD is multifactorial in nature, conservative management is considered the first-line treatment approach, including physiotherapy, pharmacological management, occlusal splints, psychotherapy, and self-care strategies. Physiotherapy interventions commonly include manual therapy, therapeutic exercises, relaxation techniques, and electrotherapy modalities [,].