Clinical Outcomes of Deep Transverse Friction Massage and Active Exercises on Pain, Quality of Life, and Maximum Mouth Opening in Patients With Temporomandibular Disorders: A Case Series.

Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of anorexia nervosa and binge-eating behaviour Anorexia nervosa and binge-eating behaviour are usually discussed as contrasting clinical phenotypes. Anorexia nervosa is associated with restrictive eating, low body weight, fear of weight gain, and persistent disturbance in the valuation of food and body-related signals. Binge-eating behaviour involves episodes of excessive food intake accompanied by impaired control and is commonly linked to altered reward processing, reinforcement learning, and impulse regulation. Although these presentations differ clinically, they can overlap within individuals and across the course of illness. Binge-restrict cycles, diagnostic crossover, metabolic changes, and shared psychiatric comorbidity complicate any model that treats diagnostic categories as biologically homogeneous [-]. Recent genetic studies have reinforced this complexity. The large eating-disorder genome-wide association study (GWAS) program that included broad binge-eating behaviour and anorexia nervosa identified both shared and phenotype-specific genetic components. Binge-eating behaviour showed genetic relationships with obesity-related and impulse-control traits, whereas anorexia nervosa showed a contrasting metabolic and anthropometric profile. The two phenotypes also differed in the direction and magnitude of their genetic correlations with metabolic traits, despite sharing psychiatric genetic correlations. These findings support the view that shared genetic liability does not imply identical molecular pathophysiology [,]. The distinction is important for the interpretation of downstream molecular studies: the same biological system may be involved in both phenotypes while contributing differently to each.