Neuropsychological Effects of Cannabis Use in Adolescent Populations: A Case Based Literature Review.

The invasive thrips species (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is native to and broadly distributed across the Asian tropics, where it causes severe damage to leguminous crops (Fabales: Fabaceae) (, , , ). Its first documented presence in the United States occurred in March 2020, specifically in Florida’s Miami-Dade County, where specimens were collected from L. (). Since its introduction in Florida, has expanded into parts of Central America and the Caribbean (, , , , , ), representing a serious risk to regional food security due to its impact on beans, a dietary staple in these areas. primarily feeds and resides in legume flowers but also damages leaves and pods (, ), and causes harmful effects on plant growth, including curled leaves, bud drop, stunted development, and malformed pods (). Florida’s snap bean () production spans approximately 15,000 hectares, with a total value of approximately $123 million USD in 2023 (). In this context, highlighted the substantial impact of on snap bean production in southern Florida, particularly within the Homestead Agricultural Area (HAA) in Miami-Dade County. During the winter months, this region is a crucial source of fresh snap beans for the country. Before the arrival of , snap bean growers in South Florida utilized chemical control to manage Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (). However, damages foliage and flowers earlier in the season compared to , prompting snap bean growers to adjust their management strategies. This adjustment involves applying insecticides earlier and more frequently to mitigate infestations. The predominant strategy for managing this insect pest has been through chemical control applications (, , ). Although insecticides can provide short-term suppression, their repeated use is associated with environmental concerns, non-target effects, and pest resurgence (). Moreover, species of thrips, including , have shown a propensity for developing insecticide resistance (, ). Control efficacy is further constrained by thrips’ biological traits, including rapid reproduction and their tendency to reside within flowers, which reduce exposure to foliar applications (). Given these factors, exploring alternatives to insecticidal control for managing is crucial.