Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation targeting personalized fronto-parietal control network improves core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Approximately half of women in Western countries report dissatisfaction with their bodies (Buhlmann et al. ; Choate ). As individuals are constantly confronted with body‐related cues in daily life, dissatisfaction with one's own body can become a pervasive concern (Mond et al. ; Sala et al. ). This may be particularly pronounced among individuals with eating disorders (EDs) (Prnjak et al. ), who may rely on maladaptive coping strategies such as body checking, purging behaviors (e.g., self‐induced vomiting, laxative use), dietary restriction, or excessive exercise (Goeden et al. ; Lavender et al. ). Psychological theories of ED onset have proposed a link between body dissatisfaction and dietary restriction. Frameworks such as the dual pathway model (Stice ) and the tripartite influence model (Thompson et al. ), among others (Brytek‐Matera and Czepczor ; Pennesi and Wade ), propose a unidirectional pathway: internalization of the thin ideal is assumed to foster body dissatisfaction, which in turn promotes dietary restriction. In these frameworks, dietary restriction predicts the emergence of bulimic‐spectrum disorder symptoms, mediating the link between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors (Stice and Van Ryzin ). This pathway has received support from both cross‐sectional and longitudinal questionnaire‐based studies (Brytek‐Matera and Czepczor ; Pennesi and Wade ; Stice et al. ; Stice and Van Ryzin ; Urvelyte and Perminas ; Yamamiya and Stice ). However, further research has yielded a differentiated picture: a recent 8 year longitudinal study found that body dissatisfaction preceded restrictive eating patterns and predicted the development of bulimia nervosa (BN) and purging disorder, but not anorexia nervosa (AN) or binge‐eating disorder (BED), suggesting that the pathway may be limited to specific ED diagnoses (Yamamiya and Stice ). Furthermore, other researchers have reported no support for the restriction pathway (Puccio et al. ; Strien et al. ) or only partial support, particularly among adolescent girls (Morrissey et al. ). Thus, more research on this link across different EDs is needed. Most existing research has examined relatively stable relationships between body dissatisfaction and dietary restriction using questionnaires. However, the association between these two constructs might be highly dynamic at the micro‐level within and across days. For example, specific meals (e.g., high in calories or fat) or thin‐ideal confrontation (Wyssen et al. ) might directly trigger body dissatisfaction. However, there might also be cross‐day links. Meals and calorie intake may be evaluated or summarized across the day, and body‐related evaluations by oneself or others may make certain days particularly salient (e.g., weight teasing; Menzel et al. ). In this context, body dissatisfaction might motivate dietary restriction on the following day. Furthermore, while most existing research has relied on questionnaires covering relatively long time intervals, the actual interplay of these symptoms might unfold dynamically across days, a pattern that traditional questionnaires do not capture well. Such day‐to‐day level associations might constitute an interesting intermediate position between macro‐ and intra‐day level associations. They can complement questionnaire and laboratory approaches by capturing ED symptoms and their immediate context as they unfold in participants' natural environments. In particular, EMA and daily diary approaches are well suited for assessing ED symptoms and their proximal antecedents and consequences close to their occurrence. They reduce reliance on long retrospective recall and related distortions and help establish temporal precedence in dynamic processes (e.g., short‐lived antecedents, time‐of‐day effects, and lagged associations) that are difficult to evaluate with cross‐sectional or widely spaced multi‐wave designs (Engel et al. ; Smyth et al. ).