Use of sterile gowns for single-shot spinal anaesthesia: consensus guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Anaesthetists, Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association, Regional Anae

Psychiatric and neurological disorders remain a substantial unmet medical need because of their complexity, high prevalence, and limited treatment options. Conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are major contributors to global disability, diminish quality of life (QOL), and create significant socioeconomic burden [–]. Current therapies are largely symptomatic, with modest efficacy, delayed onset, and adverse effects that can hinder adherence and outcomes. These challenges are compounded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts delivery of many therapeutics to the brain and limits the impact of conventional drugs. Consequently, innovative strategies are urgently needed to improve efficacy, enhance safety, and target disease mechanisms to deliver more effective and accessible care [, ]. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer transformative potential for the central nervous system (CNS), addressing key barriers in diagnosis and therapy. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, NPs can be engineered to cross the BBB and enable targeted delivery to specific brain regions with greater precision and fewer side effects [, ]. NPs also expand imaging and tracking capabilities for earlier diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring, and they support gene therapy, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory interventions—core elements of personalized medicine []. As research advances, NP platforms may help shift CNS care toward safer, more effective, and potentially disease-modifying treatments that address pressing unmet needs in neuroscience. In this article, we review the current landscape of NP applications in psychiatric and neurological disorders and outline future perspectives for their clinical translation.