Genetic overlap and shared risk loci between autism spectrum disorder and cardiometabolic traits.

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections have transformed the management and visual prognosis of patients with retinal diseases, including exudative age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusions, among others. Since their introduction in 2005, the annual volume of anti-VEGF injections administered in the United States has steadily increased. However, each injection carries a rare but potentially vision-devastating risk of postinjection endophthalmitis (PIE) if not promptly treated, which may lead to profound visual loss or even enucleation. In the United States, commonly cited papers report approximately 7 million intravitreal injections administered each year. Based on reported rates of PIE ranging from 0.028% to 0.056%, this predicts an estimated 2000 to 4000 cases of endophthalmitis annually. Patients requiring frequent, ongoing intravitreal therapy face an even greater cumulative risk of infection. Numerous hypotheses exist regarding the factors that may influence the risk of PIE, but few studies have comprehensively investigated its specific risk factors. Prior investigations have also been limited by small sample sizes, reducing the statistical power to detect meaningful associations.