Performance comparison of a neuro-symbolic large language model system versus conventional AI models and human experts in cholangitis management.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and a primary cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. It has emerged as the most prevalent condition and the heaviest disease burden among Chinese women []. In 2021, this burden was estimated at approximately 2921.10 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), with 90.76% attributed to years of life lost []. The total disease burden is projected to increase significantly, rising by over 11% by 2030 []. Current clinical treatments available for breast cancer include various combinations of surgical interventions —such as total or partial mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, or axillary lymph node dissection —alongside radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. BC treatment protocols depend on the subtype and the disease stage, molecular subtype, and the patient’s individual clinicopathological profile []. Recent advances in early detection and breakthrough innovations in multidisciplinary treatment have significantly increased the number of BC survivors []. However, BC treatment can cause long-term sequelae for survivors. Among these, chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema (cBCRL) is a lifelong burden for many and a lifelong risk for nearly all BC survivors, and it is often irreversible []. cBCRL results from disruption of axillary lymphatic drainage, which leads to abnormal accumulation of protein-rich lymphatic fluid [–]. This condition can cause chronic swelling of the affected limb or breast and impose substantial physical and psychological burdens, significantly impairing long-term quality of life (QoL) [–]. Research study showed that survivors with cBCRL commonly experience debilitating physical symptoms, which includes chronic pain, heaviness, and impaired upper-extremity mobility and function [–]. Besides, the persistent nature of the swelling may also trigger psychological distress, including body-image disturbance, anxiety, and depression [, , ].