Fos regulates age-dependent neuroinflammation in a VAPP58S model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional construct encompassing physical, psychological, and social domains of health and is widely used in clinical research and health policy decision-making [, ]. It is considered a patient-reported outcome used to determine the impact of health, illness, treatment, or health interventions on an individual’s quality of life from the respondents’ perspective [, ]. HRQoL instruments can be broadly categorized into non-preference-based measures, which provide descriptive profiles of health, and preference-based measures, which generate utility scores reflecting the relative desirability of different health states []. Utility scores are anchored at 1 (full health or best possible response on particular health state) and 0 (dead or equivalent health state), with values below 0 representing health states worse than death and are derived from population preference weights developed from using choice-based elicitation methods [, , ]. These scores are required for estimating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in cost–utility analyses [, ]. Preference-based instruments, such as the EQ-5D, Short Form 6 Dimensions (SF-6D), and Health Utilities Index (HUI), enable the estimation of utility scores through the application of population preference weights and established algorithms [, , ]. Among these, the EQ-5D is widely used in economic evaluations, including in Thailand [, ]. These instruments provide a descriptive system of health states, with utility values assigned based on population-based preference weights rather than being directly elicited from respondents [].