DeepSeek-assisted problem-based learning for glaucoma education in an undergraduate ophthalmology clerkship: a randomized educational pilot study.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common chronic sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent upper-airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation []. With population aging and rising obesity prevalence, the burden of OSA is increasing worldwide []. Untreated OSA is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and reduced health-related quality of life, creating substantial public health and healthcare-system burden []. Subjective sleep quality is an important patient-centered outcome in OSA management. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is widely used to assess perceived sleep quality across multiple dimensions, including sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction [–]. Because the PSQI is a self-report instrument, it primarily captures subjective symptoms rather than objective polysomnographic signs. Poor subjective sleep quality has been linked to worse symptom burden and adverse clinical outcomes in people with OSA [, ]. However, most studies summarize PSQI results using a global score or a single cut-off, which may obscure whether patients with similar total scores show different domain-level complaint patterns. OSA is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous syndrome, and person-centered approaches can help describe clinically relevant symptom patterns []. Latent class analysis and latent profile analysis (LPA) identify unobserved patterns based on observed indicators rather than assuming that all individuals lie on a single continuum []. In the present context, however, the value of a PSQI-based person-centered analysis was not to assume a priori that qualitatively distinct subtypes must exist, but to test whether the seven PSQI components contained informative structure beyond a single global score while also determining whether the retained solution was better understood simply as an ordered severity gradient.