Right amygdala ablation reduces maladaptive negative interpretation bias and symptoms in a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Menopause typically occurs at an average age of 51 and is characterized by a gradual decline in ovarian reproductive hormone production []. Menopause increases the risk for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in women, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, osteoporosis, and dementia [, ]. There is considerable uncertainty regarding whether an apparently healthy woman (without CVD, DM, chronic kidney disease [CKD], or familial hypercholesterolemia [FH]) may still have an elevated risk for CVD []. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome leads to an increased risk of CVD and DM []. It is diagnosed when three or more factors are simultaneously dysregulated, including insulin resistance, obesity, elevated blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia []. Postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome are at an especially elevated CVD risk [, ]. However, the causal relationship between menopause and the development of metabolic syndrome is not fully understood []. Clinical prediction tools for assessing individual CVD risk are available but their use is limited by the need for inputs that require a physician visit and invasive assessments. For instance, the European Society for Cardiology (ESC) provided guidelines and the online risk calculator Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation model version 2 (SCORE2) in 2021 []. To estimate a woman’s CVD risk, this specific risk calculator requires mandatory input parameters, including age, blood lipid levels (HDL and total cholesterol), systolic BP, and both personal and family history of CVD. The result is a percentage representing the 10-year CVD risk, which can be classified into low to moderate (<5%), high (5 to ≤10%), or very high (>10%).