The Topography of Disfluency in Spoken Language: A Scoping Review.

Malaria remains a major global health challenge, with an estimated 263 million cases and nearly 597,000 deaths in 2023, most occurring in sub-Saharan Africa []. Tanzania remains highly endemic, with 93% of the population at risk and 3.6 million cases reported in 2023 []. Despite widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), residual transmission persists [,], driven in part by behavioral adaptations in vectors such as the complex and , which increasingly feed outdoors, bite earlier, and exhibit flexible host preferences [,]. Livestock keeping is common in rural Tanzania, where more than 60% of households own domestic animals []. In the Lake Zone, particularly Mwanza Region, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs and poultry are often kept within or near household compounds [,]. In Misungwi District, livestock corrals are frequently located within 20 meters of human dwellings []. This close proximity increases opportunities for human–animal–vector interactions, yet limited empirical evidence exists on how livestock ownership influences mosquito host choice and feeding behavior in such settings. Studies across sub-Saharan Africa suggest that livestock may divert mosquito feeding away from humans (zooprophylaxis) or, conversely, sustain vector populations by providing alternative blood sources (zoopotentiation) [,]. These effects vary widely across ecological contexts, and it remains unclear how livestock presence interacts with household factors, vector species composition, and vector control measures to shape mosquito feeding patterns.