High-Resolution Area-Level Measures as Predictors of Pediatric Individual-Level Social Risks.

Childbirth is one of the most significant physiological and psychological transitions in a woman’s life []. Among the postpartum mental health disorders, postpartum depression (PPD) and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD) are particularly common. PPD affects approximately 12–17% of mothers [-], whereas PP-PTSD occurs in 3–10% of women after childbirth [,]. Both these disorders contribute substantially to maternal morbidity. PPD is associated with a poorer health-related quality of life, impaired maternal–infant bonding, and shorter breastfeeding durations [,]. Similarly, PP-PTSD is associated with a poorer postpartum quality of life, lower breastfeeding rates, and greater challenges in maternal–infant bonding [-]. Traditionally, obstetric anesthesia has primarily focused on providing effective labor analgesia, ensuring safe anesthetic management during cesarean delivery, and reducing anesthesia-related maternal morbidity and mortality [-]. However, growing evidence indicates that obstetric anesthesiologists may influence maternal mental health outcomes beyond the intrapartum period [-]. Accordingly, this review aimed to comprehensively summarize and analyze the current evidence on the effects of obstetric anesthesia on postpartum mental health, with particular emphasis on PPD and PP-PTSD from childbirth through long-term recovery. PPD is a major depressive disorder that develops within 1–12 months of childbirth []. In addition to the core symptoms of major depressive disorder, affected mothers may also experience obsessive concerns or preoccupations related to infant health, care, and safety []. Women with PPD often have multiple risk factors that precede pregnancy or arise during gestation. These factors can be categorized into several domains.