Relations Between Parents' Math Anxiety and Children's Math Learning: The Role of Homework Help.

For decades, falls have been the second leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths worldwide [,]. They pose an increasingly serious public health challenge among adults aged over 60 years, not only causing an estimated 684,000 deaths globally each year but also contributing to substantial immediate and long-term health burdens []. Studies indicate that, among older adults who experienced a fall, 23.5% used health services, 17.2% received treatment, and more than 15% experienced declines in social and physical activities [,]; falls also account for approximately 95% of hip fractures []. The World Health Organization framework emphasizes that falls and fall-related injuries arise from interacting biological, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic risk factors []. At the individual-level, these risk factors include low mobility, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment [,]. Addressing these factors may help reduce the risk of falls and mitigate their adverse consequences [,]. When falls do occur, comprehensive management is recommended to improve long-term outcomes [,]. Much of the existing research has examined activities of daily living (ADL), depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment either as risk factors for falls or as consequences of falls [], often using longitudinal time-to-event analyses [–]. In a Swedish cohort study of community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years, poorer physical and cognitive function were associated with an increased risk of falls []. Conversely, in a study of 9,816 older Korean adults, individuals with a history of falls had poorer ADL and cognitive performance than those without such a history []. In addition, the National Health and Aging Trends Study reported bidirectional relationships between falls and depressive symptoms []. Emerging studies have examined functional trajectories after a fall, either among individuals who experienced falls alone or by comparing their trajectories with those of individuals who did not experience falls [,]. However, few studies have examined physical function, depressive symptoms, and cognitive performance in relation to falls to describe how these key domains evolve in the periods before and after fall events, while comprehensively considering fall severity and related characteristics. This is an important limitation given the availability of interventions aimed at preventing multidomain functional decline in older adults and reducing the risk of recurrent falls, hip fractures, and mortality after a fall [,–]. A more nuanced understanding of trajectories across multiple functional domains around fall events, with consideration of fall severity, is therefore needed to identify opportunities for timely multifactorial fall prevention and to inform targeted management strategies.