Anticancer effects of tangeretin associated with reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in CaSki cells.

A challenge for ageing populations and increasing life expectancies (United Nations, ) is ensuring that longer lives are spent in good health (Beard , ). Maintaining good mental health in later life is important for achieving this goal. People undergo many life transitions that can impact their mental health (Kuh , ), such as retirement. Retirement can involve loss of purpose, lower income, disruption of daily routines and diminished social connections (Kuhn, ; Odone , ). Conversely, it may provide increased leisure time, relief from work-related stress and greater opportunities for social engagement (Kuhn, ; Odone , ). The extent to which retirement affects mental health remains inconclusive despite many empirical studies on this topic (Dave , ; Jokela , ; Coe and Zamarro, ; Behncke, ; Eibich, ; Belloni , ; Fé and Hollingsworth, ; Heller-Sahlgren, ; Kolodziej and García-Gómez, ; Picchio and van Ours, ; Vo and Phu-Duyen, ). Generally, reviews and meta-analyses have found that retirement can positively affect mental health, although the findings vary (van der Heide , ; Odone , ; Garrouste and Perdrix, ; van Ours, ). This ambiguity may be partly due to methodological challenges in establishing causality and anticipatory effects, and heterogeneous effects among different populations and subgroups (Maddock and Wels, ). The mental health consequences of retirement are likely to differ across population subgroups, and prior analyses focusing solely on overall effects may overlook important heterogeneity in these relationships (Maddock and Wels, ). One group that may be particularly vulnerable to mental health challenges during the transition to retirement is individuals living alone. Living alone is an objective indicator of social isolation (Holt-Lunstad , ), and prior studies have demonstrated its association with poor mental health (Leigh-Hunt , ). Retirement may result in a decreased social network size (Börsch-Supan and Schuth, ). Therefore, people who live alone as they transition from employment to retirement may be particularly vulnerable to experiencing mental health difficulties.