Post-Craniotomy Headache: Current Concepts and Emerging Procedural Therapies.

Pediatric respiratory allergies, including allergic rhinitis (AR) and pediatric asthma, are characterized by chronic immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammatory conditions that significantly disrupt children’s daily functioning and well-being. AR is characterized by nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, and itch, disrupting sleep, concentration, and school performance. Asthma presents with wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and dyspnoea, often leading to activity limitations, anxiety, and social withdrawal. Both diseases are highly prevalent among children and frequently co-occur; a meta-analysis found that 54.9% of children with asthma also had AR, and 35.0% of those with AR had asthma. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has emerged as a critical outcome indicator in the management of pediatric AR and asthma. As a multidimensional construct encompassing physical, psychological, and social well-being, HRQoL reflects symptom burden, functional limitations, emotional distress, and treatment burden. Validated instruments are widely used to inform personalized healthcare. International guidelines such as Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) advocate patient-centered approaches that incorporate HRQoL into treatment goals, which has been shown to enhance adherence and clinical outcomes. However, persistent symptoms and long-term use of antihistamines and corticosteroids may still compromise children’s HRQoL despite standardized pharmacological treatment. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), including subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), is the only treatment that modifies the natural course of respiratory allergy by reducing symptoms, medication use, and new sensitizations, in which long-term efficacy and safety in AR and asthma are well established. However, few studies have explored HRQoL as a primary outcome of SCIT, especially regarding house-dust mite (HDM) allergens, or investigated its correlation with symptom changes or underlying influencing factors. Furthermore, evidence simultaneously assessing HRQoL in both AR and asthma is limited. Notably, the “spillover effects” on family caregivers, defined as the impact on their mental, social, and financial well-being, remain largely understudied.