Serotonin depletion amplifies migraine susceptibility through trigeminal ganglion neurons sensitization: Insights from patch clamp recordings in rat model.

Young people who self-harm spend more time online than others of a similar age []. There is a large volume of self-harm–related material online []. Young people, policymakers, and social media industry professionals highlight the use of social media as a space to seek and provide support and to share and understand personal experiences of self-harm and suicide in conjunction with concerns related to the safety of conversations, particularly for younger adolescents []. Literature reviews demonstrate both harmful and protective aspects of digital spaces in relation to self-harm and suicide content. Positive aspects include opportunities to access information, community and crisis support, and as a creative outlet; however, this exists alongside the potential for harm with opportunities to access content that normalizes, encourages, or promotes self-harm and suicide [,,]. There are many features of social media platforms that can influence safety. Easy searching of images, perceived anonymity, and a lack of moderation may contribute to potentially harmful online environments []. Content or “trigger warnings” are designed to warn people about potentially distressing or graphic content. These are widely used in online spaces; however, there is debate about their effectiveness in reducing distress. A recent meta-analysis concluded that trigger warnings rarely result in avoidance of content and have no effect on emotional reactions []. Current safety tools have been described as limited, with the need for better collaboration across sectors []. There have been recent calls to ensure that policies and restrictions are evidence based and do not inadvertently lead to harm, shame, and increased isolation []. Blanket bans of self-harm images may leave some individuals without a support system that they previously leaned on [], and risk impeding pathways for help-seeking []. Safety concerns need to be balanced with the potential benefits, and issues of censorship and stigma should not be overlooked in any restrictions []. A range of recommendations for social media platform safety policy were identified in a recent review, including tighter legislation for platforms and enabling greater autonomy and control over content for platform users []. However, a lack of evidence-based recommendations was noted [].