Tourist perceptions and living heritage experiences in Nanjing Tulou traditional villages, Fujian, China: A social media data analysis.

Adolescence is a sensitive developmental period characterized by rapid neurobiological maturation and the consolidation of socioemotional functioning. During this stage, the ongoing development of cognitive control and emotion regulation systems, together with family, academic, and interpersonal stressors, increases vulnerability to internalizing psychopathology. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in adolescents and is associated with substantial impairment in physical health, educational attainment, and long-term psychosocial functioning. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately one in seven adolescents aged 10–19 years lives with a mental health condition, and depression is among the leading causes of illness and disability in this age group []. Core clinical features of adolescent MDD include persistent low mood, anhedonia, cognitive dysfunction, and reduced self-esteem; in severe cases, suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors may occur. In China, national surveillance data indicate that suicide is a leading cause of death among individuals aged 15–24 years, with depression representing a major underlying psychological risk factor []. Given its high prevalence, early onset, and potentially enduring consequences, adolescent MDD remains a major public health concern. Current clinical guidelines recommend selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), often in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as first-line treatment for adolescent depression [,]. However, real-world effectiveness remains suboptimal, and treatment response is often incomplete or unstable. Approximately 30%–40% of adolescents show inadequate response to conventional pharmacotherapy and remain at elevated risk of relapse [,]. In addition, SSRI treatment in adolescents is frequently accompanied by concerns regarding agitation, possible worsening of suicidal ideation, weight changes, and sexual dysfunction, all of which may compromise adherence and limit sustained benefit [,]. Collectively, these limitations highlight the need for safe, non-pharmacological, and more precisely targeted interventions for adolescent MDD.