Determinants of loss to follow-up after eye-related emergency visits: A race-stratified analysis at a level I trauma center.

Reducing recidivism is a central goal in correctional psychology, as repeated offending perpetuates cycles of crime, victimization, and substantial social and economic costs [,]. Negative emotional states such as anger, frustration, hopelessness, and depression are known to heighten reoffending risk by impairing impulse control and decision-making [,]. General Strain Theory explains these emotions as responses to chronic stressors and threats [], conditions intensified in prisons where loss of freedom and limited resources are pervasive [,]. Because such states are dynamic and amenable to intervention, cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) have emerged as promising, clinically modifiable mechanisms linked to antisocial and violent behavior [,]. Effective use of CERS has been identified as crucial for lowering reoffending risk []. Nonetheless, it remains largely unclear how distinct patterns of CERS relate to recidivism across crime types, leaving a critical gap in the literature. Addressing this gap is particularly important in correctional contexts, where negative states are intensified and where tools that align CERS profiles with offense categories could inform more targeted and effective rehabilitation programs—hence the present study. CERS refers to thought processes or cognitive strategies used to manage and regulate emotions during or after stressful events [,]. Individuals lacking effective CERS are more likely to become overwhelmed by negative emotions, which can in turn trigger aggression and violent behavior. For instance, Kemp et al. (2017) found that difficulties in emotion regulation predicted future arrests among adolescents, linking regulatory deficits to impulsivity and criminal conduct []. Consistently, impaired regulation skills have been associated with aggression across populations ranging from undergraduate students to community samples, psychiatric patients, and both juvenile and adult offenders [,,–].