Clinical validation of the RaDI oropharyngeal dysphagia screening tool in older adults.

Traditional villages are regarded as living cultural heritage that embodies collective memory, community identity, and the long-standing interaction between humans and nature [–]. Their core value is embodied not only in the physical structure of traditional architecture, but also in the continuity of daily activities and the authenticity of culture []. However, under the dual pressures of rural revitalization and large-scale tourism, many traditional villages have found themselves caught in the dilemma of “preservation versus development,” facing issues such as spatial homogenization, the ritualization of cultural performances, and the disappearance of local lifestyles []. Research on traditional rural tourism has provided valuable insights for the preservation of architectural heritage and cultural landscapes, yet three significant shortcomings remain. First, the service dimension has been overlooked. Previous studies have often focused on the intrinsic value of architectural heritage [], while paying insufficient attention to the mediating role that service facilities and tourism infrastructure play in shaping cultural experiences and overall perceptions []. Second, there are methodological limitations. Most empirical studies rely on static approaches such as field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews [–], which struggle to capture the dynamic, multidimensional perceptual characteristics of tourists that evolve over time. Third, insufficient understanding of commercialization mechanisms. Although discussions about the negative impacts of commercialization have been extensive, empirical evidence remains scarce on how commercial development and management practices specifically undermine the perceived authenticity of living heritage sites. To enhance the depth of the research, this study adopts a multi-method text-mining approach based on large-scale social media review data, using the Nanjing Tulou Scenic Area, a representative component of the Fujian Tulou World Heritage property in Fujian Province, China, as a case study [–]. Based on nearly fifteen years of online reviews from major travel platforms, this study aims to: (1) identify core spatial nodes and symbolic landscapes that capture tourists’ attention; (2) analyze key perceptual elements that shape the tourist-generated place image of Tulou villages as both architectural heritage and living communities; (3) reveal primary factors triggering negative evaluations and their impact on cultural authenticity; and (4) clarify how service encounters mediate the transformation from place identity to tourist-perceived place image. The contributions of this study are as follows: Theoretically, by introducing the distinction among place identity, place image, and place reputation and by extending Service-Dominant Logic (SDL), the study develops a Culture-Service Symbiosis framework to better understand the role of service in living heritage experience. Methodologically, it employs stage-based topic modeling and Sankey-based topic-evolution analysis to overcome the limitations of static research, providing a new analytical paradigm for monitoring heritage perceptions over extended time sequences.