The relationship between fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Korea: a secondary analysis of the Korea National H

In 2025, the proportion of the elderly population (65 years and above) in Korea reached 20.3%, becoming a super-aged society []. The estimated prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) was 25.0% (10.3% for men and 35.9% for women) among elderly Koreans aged 65 years and older []. Thus, care for older adults with OA is necessary in an aging society, and joint care for older women is even more important. OA is a condition in which cartilage is lost with age and the joint is deformed, causing local degenerative changes. Without cartilage, the joint ends grow abnormally and become irregular, causing pain from friction between the bones []. OA typically presents as joint pain that is exacerbated by use and alleviated with rest. There is a relatively brief, self-limiting morning stiffness and an absence of constitutional symptoms. Although pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are generally effective in relieving pain and improving physical function, they do not fundamentally reverse the pathological and radiographic processes of OA. As the severity of the disease increases, the magnitude of pain and functional impairment intensifies []. Therefore, to alleviate pain and improve the physical functions of older women with OA so that they can perform daily-life activities, OA must be understood and adapted to as an illness. Therefore, nursing interventions that promote adaptation of patients to OA are necessary. In Roy's adaptation model, adaptation is defined as a process of responding positively to environmental changes [,]. Roy's adaptation model classified various stressors into focal stimuli, related stimuli, and residual stimuli. Focal stimuli are internal or external stimuli that immediately confront people, and are immediately encountered events or situational changes that have the greatest influence on human behavior among various stimuli. Contextual stimuli are other identifiable factors that contribute to the effect of focal stimuli, and are all environmental factors that exist inside or outside the human system. Residual stimuli are factors whose effects are unclear in the current situation, and whose effects on the current situation are uncertain. Adaptation is expressed as physiological and physical, self-concept, role function, and interdependence through coping mechanisms consisting of regulatory and cognitive mechanisms. The physiological and physical mode is the physical response related to interacting with the environment to meet the basic needs of oxygenation, nutrition, excretion, activity, rest, and protection. The self-concept mode focuses on the mental and spiritual aspects of a person, and is the perception of oneself or the subjective idea of one's body. The role functioning mode focuses on the role that the individual occupies in society. It is interacting with other people in the environment or performing the role skillfully with appropriate behavior. The interdependence mode focuses on interdependence related to giving and receiving love, respect, and value, and is related to the support system with others. This adaptive response enhanced human integration. Moreover, to adapt to life, patients with OA must successfully cope with the pain and changes caused by OA to maintain and improve their quality of life [].