[Effects of a video-based enteral nutrition education program using QR codes for intensive care unit nurses: a quasi-experimental study].

Complications experienced by diabetes often involve the nervous system, leading to severe and persistent pain that is challenging to manage. Neuropathic pain is commonly defined as pain resulting from a lesion of the somatosensory system, which results in faulty pain signaling []. Neuropathic pain is linked with various conditions such as spinal cord compression, HIV, amputation, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, postherpetic neuralgia, and diabetic neuropathy. The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in each of these conditions is contingent upon the underlying disease process. In diabetic neuropathy, prolonged hyperglycemia triggers numerous metabolic pathways, including the generation of free radicals and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the microvasculature supplying peripheral nerves []. These processes lead to direct toxicity, reduced blood flow, and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers, along with heightened excitability of primary afferent nociceptors []. Research indicates that diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects a significant portion of diabetes, ranging from 16% to 26% []. This condition not only restricts physical activity but also impairs quality of life. Despite the utilization of various medication treatments including anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opioids, neuropathic pain continues to pose a persistent challenge for diabetes []. The primary focus in addressing neuropathic pain revolves around symptom management. Considered a chronic condition, neuropathic pain often persists despite efforts to reverse the underlying cause. Managing this pain typically requires a multimodal approach, incorporating both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions []. Therefore, developing a comprehensive pain management plan involving non-drug methods becomes imperative. These may encompass massage therapy, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation units, trigger point injections, and spinal cord stimulators. Furthermore, there is growing interest in natural alternative options, such as essential oils, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements, especially in regions with a rich history of traditional medicine like Asia, Africa, and Latin America []. Numerous complementary and alternative therapies, including aromatherapy, are available for consideration. Aroma oils are favored due to their established safety for the human body []. Various oils, such as bergamot, cedarwood, Roman chamomile, geranium, ginger, jasmine, lavender, lemon, and tea tree, are commonly utilized in aromatherapy []. Furthermore, there are diverse methods for applying aromatherapy. Essential oils offer versatile application methods, including inhalation, topical application, or ingestion, with inhalation being the most prevalent. The majority of essential oils are deemed safe and have gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as ingredients in food and fragrances, being classified as "generally recognized as safe". However, it's worth noting that aromatherapy products typically do not require FDA approval unless they make specific claims regarding the treatment of diseases [].