The effects of sleep patterns and chronotype on depressive symptoms in adolescents: a cross-sectional study using data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey.

In South Korea, the prevalence of diabetes among older adults has continued to rise alongside rapid population aging. Recent reports indicate that approximately 29.6% of individuals aged 65 years and older have diabetes, meaning that nearly three in ten older adults are affected. Moreover, about 70% of these individuals have one or more comorbid conditions []. Diabetes is associated with serious complications such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which contribute to premature mortality, functional decline, and diminished quality of life []. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more individualized and comprehensive strategies for managing older adults with diabetes []. The primary goals of diabetes management are to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent complications []. This requires maintaining appropriate levels of key physiological indicators, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure []. In addition to pharmacological treatment, consistent self-care behaviors—such as dietary regulation and regular physical activity—are essential for effective management []. Older adults with diabetes often face difficulties in self-management due to multiple comorbidities and age-related syndromes, including depression, cognitive impairment, visual deficits, and polypharmacy []. They also experience diabetes-related distress caused by disease complications, the psychological burden of glycemic control, treatment costs, social isolation, and low self-efficacy [,]. For this population, health conservation, defined as maintaining the highest possible level of functioning while considering life expectancy and quality of life, is a critical goal []. Effective self-management not only improves glycemic control and reduces complications but also supports overall health maintenance []. Hence, individualized and theory-based interventions that address the unique needs of older adults are essential [].