The impact of physical exercise on the social adaptability of college students: the chain mediating role of peer relationships and psychological resilience.

Cognitive neuroscientists have long sought to understand how various psychological constructs are represented in the brain. Constructs such as intelligence, working memory, motivation, and attention were originally introduced in the field of psychology and cognitive science to explain human behavior and cognition (; ). The development of noninvasive functional neuroimaging techniques, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has encouraged the view that these constructs can be grounded in measurable patterns of brain activity. At the same time, substantial criticisms have been raised against the of psychological constructs through neuroimaging. One central concern is that individual brain regions are often involved in multiple cognitive processes, making it difficult to infer mental functions directly from neuroimaging data and challenging simplistic one-to-one mappings between brain regions and psychological constructs (, ). This concern has motivated efforts to formalize the relationships among psychological constructs, experimental tasks, and neural representations through cognitive ontologies (). Related philosophical work has further emphasized that successful integration between psychology and neuroscience requires stable constructs and explicit accounts of how cognitive capacities, tasks, and neural mechanisms are related (; ). This issue is also highlighted by approaches that question whether intervening psychological constructs are always necessary for linking behavior and brain activity (), or whether researcher-defined psychological domains align with the data-driven structure of large-scale neuroimaging results ().