Current status and factors associated with social frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

In football, players must quickly perceive and process visual information to make effective decisions under time pressure. To support this, they frequently engage in scanning, characterized by head movements that expand the visual field and help players locate relevant information sources such as teammates, opponents, and the ball. While numerous studies have examined gaze strategies using eye-tracking technology (e.g., ; ), much of this research has been conducted in controlled laboratory settings (), where visual search is performed under constrained and artificial conditions. Such environments may fail to reflect the complexity and dynamic nature of visual demands during actual gameplay (). Although field-based investigations of visual search behavior are emerging (e.g., ; ; ), studies specifically focusing on scanning in ecologically valid settings remain limited. Recent research has used head turns to quantify scanning, a key element of visual exploration in football. Players who received individual awards at international tournaments exhibited higher scanning frequency before receiving the ball than non-award-winners (). Higher scanning frequency has also been associated with more frequent forward passes, suggesting a connection to offensive decision-making (). Scanning also occurs more frequently before passing than during other actions such as dribbling or shooting, highlighting its role in action preparation (). Furthermore, analyses of UEFA youth tournaments revealed that scanning frequency was positively associated with successful passes and changes in body orientation, and that it was also related to players’ experience in national teams and opponent pressure (). The direction of the final scan before ball reception was even related to which foot was used for the first touch (). These findings indicate that scanning is not only frequent but also functionally relevant for action preparation in football, and responsive to contextual factors such as pressure and expertise level. Despite valuable insights, almost all previous studies have relied on notational analysis, in which researchers manually code scans based on video footage (, ; ). While this method is widely used and applicable across sports including indoor settings (; ), recent studies have also used inertial measurement units (IMUs) to detect scans from head rotation data.