A network-based brain stimulation paradigm for alcohol use disorder with co-occurring major depressive disorder: a mini review targeting the ventral attention network.

Animal health surveillance can contribute to the health and welfare of farm animals through early detection of infectious diseases, allowing timely implementation of measures to prevent disease transmission. In EU countries, surveillance systems for emerging diseases are mandatory under the animal health law (). Globally, WOAH member countries are required to report notifiable and emerging diseases and are encouraged to provide other relevant information (). Surveillance systems comprise several components in which data can be collected in an active or passive way. In the case of active surveillance, data collection is initiated by the investigator (, ). Passive surveillance is defined as observer-initiated provision of animal health related data or the use of existing data for surveillance purposes. Decisions about whether information (e.g., clinical signs or mortality) is provided, and what information is provided from which animals are made by the observer (, ). Passive surveillance is generally considered most effective, as farmers observe their animals frequently. However, its effectiveness relies on the manifestation of the disease and the timely and complete reporting of relevant animal health information and potential disease outbreaks to the competent authorities. Under-reporting can delay disease detection, thereby increasing the risk of widespread transmission and larger outbreaks. Veterinarians and farmers are legally required to report suspicions of notifiable diseases and, more broadly, unusual events or signs that may indicate an emerging disease or significant animal health risk. Despite this legal obligation, reporting ultimately depends on individual decision-making in practice, meaning that psychosocial and logistical factors influencing their decision on whether or not to report play an important role in the effectiveness of passive surveillance. Several studies have examined farmers' decision-making around disease control, including one specifically on passive surveillance of notifiable diseases (). Economic considerations, perceived risk, knowledge and perceived control, as well as incentives, emotions and normative beliefs have previously been reported as important factors in decision-making (–). Studies on decision-making in related contexts, such as antimicrobial usage, have identified cost-benefit considerations, normative beliefs, perceived risk, knowledge and perceived social pressure as important drivers of veterinarians' decision-making (–). Together, this evidence suggests that farmers and veterinarians share common behavioral determinants influencing their decisions on disease control and reporting. However, research specifically addressing passive surveillance, particularly beyond the obligatory reporting of notifiable diseases, remains limited. Moreover, the relative importance of different behavioral domains, particularly the role of social and relational factors, remains insufficiently understood.