Germinated Brown Rice: A Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds Boosting Human Health.

The prevalence of school bullying has increased worldwide. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO ) reports that 32% of learners worldwide have been victims of bullying. In Jordan (Asia), bullying victimisation is at 7% and being a bully at 7.6% (Dardas et al. ). Hong Kong’s prevalence of bullying is at 38.6%, where participants reported having bullied others once or twice in the first wave of testing well-being of victims on bullying perpetration, and 42.4% of the participants reported being involved in bullying behaviour once or twice in the second wave of the study (Luo et al. ). The total prevalence of bullying in france is at 19%, while 4.9% of the 19% are bully-victims and pure bullies are at 8.9% (Potard et al. ). The prevalence of bullying in the Americas is 26.23%. In Africa, the rates are as follows: Ghana, 56.72%; Kenya, 54.35%; Zimbabwe, 59.15%; and Botswana, 52.20% (Man, Liu & Xue ). According to statistics from South Africa (Statistics South Africa ), 29.2% of secondary learners experience some form of school violence, while the prevalence of bullying is as follows: KwaZulu-Natal 35.9%, Eastern Cape 18.5%, Gauteng 40.1%, and North West 14.6%. Bullying is a repetitive, negative and unwanted act where intimidation or coercion is displayed by one or more learner/s towards other learner/s to display a power imbalance that causes distress and renders them powerless (Park et al. ). Bullying is a broad concept as it can occur in different settings, such as in the workplace or at home. Thus, this study will focus on school bullying, which only occurs within school premises, perpetuated by learners. School bullying threatens learners’ safety and increases the level of violence in schools (Varela et al. ).