Prevalence and determinants of infection risk in hospitalised adults: a multicentre cross-sectional study using a structured risk assessment tool.

A large amount of money is spent annually on treating addicts, and thousands of people die from drug abuse []. Despite the dangers and complications of addiction, the number of victims of this deadly trap increases every day []. Considering the decreasing age of addiction, the human and material costs of combating the supply and distribution of drugs, the physical and psychological complications, the high time and cost, the low success rate, and the lack of motivation of addicts to recover, who seek drug treatment only to relieve their hangover, drug treatment has not yielded very good results for addicts []. Also, according to studies, 20%–90% of addicts who undergo drug treatment relapse []. A review of previous studies shows that the effectiveness of drug maintenance treatments without other interventions is not very successful due to the emphasis on drug use []. This is while patients with substance‐dependent disorders are also simultaneously affected by other disorders []. In addition to drug dependence disorder, these patients usually suffer from depression [, ]. Depressive disorders are considered to be comorbid addiction disorders []. On the other hand, a bidirectional relationship has been observed between these mental disorders and drug abuse, such that the use of these drugs causes depression and depression also encourages the person to use drugs []. Depression also affects the results of addiction treatment []. Therefore, drug dependence treatment should be carried out simultaneously with the treatment of depression and other disorders affecting general health to increase the success rate [, ]. Depression is evident at all stages of the life of patients with drug dependence disorders, including when they have used more than usual amounts or when they have symptoms due to withdrawal []. The occurrence of depression following drug withdrawal is one of the most obvious symptoms of addiction, so among the psychiatric disorders associated with addiction, depression is of particular importance because the loss of energy and hopelessness caused by depression can weaken the motivation of patients with drug‐dependent disorders to quit and seek treatment. It can also cause high‐risk behaviors such as suicide attempts and self‐harm []. Depressive symptoms are common in patients with drug‐dependent disorders. About one‐third to one‐half of those who abuse or are dependent on drugs have met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder at some point in their lives []. On the other hand, some studies have shown that addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment have a high level of mental health problems compared to normal individuals. For example, Peles et al. showed in their study that most addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment experience psychological (mood) disorders such as depression []. Carpentier et al. showed in their study on 193 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment that 78% of them had psychiatric problems and needed further interventions []. Narcotics can lead to addiction in the short term by eliminating annoying or unpleasant states such as pain, depression and insomnia, while all these effects are temporary and in the long term, continued use of narcotics leads to increased depression, sleep disorders and resistance to pain, which ultimately leads to an increase in the dose consumed and complications such as increased depression in addicts in a vicious cycle [].