Development and initial validation of a modular life-course health education and science communication needs scale for Chinese clinical and community service users: a Tianjin-based study.

Blepharospasm is a type of neurological disorder known as focal dystonia which is characterised by involuntary and sustained muscle spasms of the eyelids. This results in impaired opening and closing function of the eyes and increased spontaneous blinking. Non- primary blepharospasm is believed to be caused by space-occupying lesions in the diencephalon and basal ganglia or to be drug-induced. Drug-induced blepharospasm is usually caused primarily by antipsychotic medications due to their known extrapyramidal side effects resulting in dyskinesia. Other agents known to cause dyskinesia include dopaminergic agents, antihistamines, calcium channel blockers, noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitors, all of which are used to treat an array of psychiatric presentations. Currently, there is a limited amount of data providing evidence for lithium-induced blepharospasm.