A hierarchical integration model of effort perception: peripheral, central, cognitive, temporal, and applied mechanisms revealed through blood flow restriction.

This Research Topic is a showcase of contemporary approaches to the study of “.” The seven contributions included here span a broad continuum of perspectives. They begin with human informants and their understandings of animals, move to the middle ground of human–animal interaction, where there are no informants but rather a focus on the interactional space and boundaries between species (), and finally arrive at animal participants who offer insights into social interaction both indirectly and directly. The broadest umbrella concept for the study of human and non-human animals is human–animal studies (HAS), which encompasses not only social interaction but also cultural, ethical, political, philosophical, and environmental perspectives (Deleuze and Guattari, ; ; ; , , ). Within this broader framework, human–animal interaction (HAI) focuses specifically on interactions between humans and animals and can be regarded as a nested concept covering all forms of such interaction (e.g., ). Finally, (ASI) represents a more specific approach that emphasizes the social-relational dimension of human–animal interaction. Investigating the relationships between human and non-human animals in social interaction was the central aim of this Research Topic. The field of ASI—a term used here to distinguish it from human social interaction, rather than to deny that humans are animals—has advanced considerably in recent years. In particular, researchers have increasingly examined how non-human animals actively participate in social interactions and how humans contribute to these interactional processes. Although many studies adopt a predominantly human-centered perspective, they nevertheless contribute substantially to our understanding of ASI (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ,,; ; ; ; ,; ; ; ,; ; ; ; ; ,; ; ,; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).