Correction: Comparing machine learning and artificial neural network models in psychological research: a ROC-based analysis.

As digital transformation in education advances, the use of digital educational resources, particularly instructional videos, has increased. However, their practical application outcomes remain less than ideal (). In recent years, a vast amount of online information and short-form video social media has permeated students’ lives. This fragmented, highly stimulating information environment gradually impairs students’ sustained attention and selective attention, which are essential for engaging with instructional videos that require focused mental processing (). Drawing students’ attention has been a key instructional design concern in learning research. To counter this, cues play an essential role in guiding students’ attention in learning. Researchers have suggested two main cue types: visual and social cues (). Incorporating visual and social cues into instructional videos can effectively focus students’ attention and enhance their learning performance (; ). Nevertheless, the conditions under which these two types of cues foster learning remain unclear (). Moreover, individual differences may influence the effectiveness of visual and social cues (). While previous studies have focused more on students’ prior knowledge (), systematic research on individual differences in selective and sustained attention remains limited. The present study therefore investigates how visual versus social cues interact with learners’ sustained or selective attention levels to shape learning performance. Instructional videos rank among the most widely used digital learning resources, as they present teaching materials in both visual and auditory formats (). However, when students engage in learning through instructional videos, they often encounter difficulties in sustaining attention and exerting selective attention. To understand the nature of these difficulties, it is necessary to examine the construct of attention itself.