Relationship between coffee consumption and vasomotor symptom severity in Turkish Postmenopausal Women.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was originally developed as a brief screening instrument for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, in its original validation study, showed substantially higher sensitivity for detecting MCI than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Since then, the MoCA has become one of the most widely used paper-and-pencil cognitive screening tools worldwide. According to the official MoCA website, validated paper and digital adaptations of the MoCA are now used globally in more than 100 languages and dialects, with multiple adapted forms available, including MoCA Full, MoCA Basic, MoCA Blind/Telephone, MoCA 5-Minute/Telephone, and MoCA Hearing Impairment versions. Reflecting this broad dissemination, the MoCA is currently used across diverse clinical populations, including patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment and stroke, Parkinson’s disease and related movement disorders, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological or medical conditions. Within the vascular cognitive impairment literature in particular, MoCA-based screening has been emphasized because the instrument samples frontal-executive abilities more extensively than the MMSE. As clinical use of the MoCA expanded, efforts were made to extract more detailed information from item-level performance rather than relying solely on the total score. Julayanont and colleagues proposed a method for deriving six MoCA cognitive domain index scores—orientation, attention, language, visuospatial function, memory, and executive function—enhancing the utility of the MoCA as a brief yet more informative multi-domain assessment. Subsequent studies have supported the construct validity and clinical utility of these domain scores, demonstrating meaningful correlations with conventional neuropsychological measures and showing that different index-score profiles may help characterize different cognitive syndromes. In the Korean literature, these domain scores have shown significant associations with the corresponding domains of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, although the Memory Index Score (MIS) may be less informative in dementia because of floor effects. More recently, international studies have moved beyond total-score interpretation toward domain-based normative approaches, underscoring the growing importance of normative data for MoCA domain index scores. Interest in abbreviated and remote MoCA administration has also grown. The MoCA-Blind, often referred to as the MoCA-22, was originally developed for individuals with visual impairment by excluding four visually mediated or motor-dependent subtests—Alternating Trail Making, Cube Copy, Clock Drawing, and Naming—reducing the maximum score from 30 to 22. The Telephone-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) uses the same 22-point item set but is administered remotely by telephone rather than face-to-face. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for remote cognitive assessment has increased markedly, and the T-MoCA has accordingly received greater attention as a practical alternative when in-person testing is not feasible. Its usefulness has been supported in patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke, in patients with atrial fibrillation, and in diverse community-based samples, and longitudinal cohort studies further suggest that it can track cognition over time in population-based research.