Relationship among essentials of magnetism, grit and nursing practice readiness in new graduate nurses: a network analysis.

The energy metabolism of the central nervous system plays a critical role in neuroplasticity, including neurogenesis, neural differentiation and neurotransmitter release. Given the well-established association between neuroplasticity and psychiatric disorders, it is unsurprising that recent years have witnessed an increasing number of studies investigating the disturbances in brain energy metabolism in the aetiology of psychiatric diseases. Alterations in brain energy metabolism have been particularly noted in mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders. The aetiology of anxiety disorders also involves multiple factors, including genetic, neurobiological, neurochemical and psychological components. As with most psychiatric disorders, the heterogeneous aetiology of anxiety disorders and the current reliance on clinical symptoms rather than objective biomarkers for diagnosis highlight the need to identify a broad range of biomarkers that could improve the understanding of etiological mechanisms and facilitate the development of patient-centred, targeted therapies. Numerous animal studies, which can serve as models for human research, have been conducted to elucidate the biological pathways potentially involved in the development of anxiety disorders. These studies suggest that alterations in brain energy metabolism, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy pathway disruptions, impairments in glutamine metabolism and neurotransmission disturbances, may represent potential mechanisms. All these processes hold promise as candidate biomarkers for anxiety disorders. Lactate, a metabolic intermediate produced during the breakdown of glucose or glycogen, plays a crucial role in brain energy metabolism. Additionally, lactate utilisation is involved in synaptic plasticity, memory processes and intercellular signalling. Lactate is converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), thus contributing to oxidative metabolism. The availability of lactate is essential for the maintenance of functional synapses. Reductions in LDH levels or enzymatic activity impair lactate metabolism and clearance, leading to lactate accumulation.