Condition dependence of the multimodal courtship of a parasitoid wasp (Leptopilina heterotoma).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (). Contemporary evidence demonstrates that ADHD persists in adulthood in approximately 50-65% of cases, with a worldwide prevalence estimated at 2.5-3.4% based on comprehensive meta-analyses (–). The condition can pose substantial challenges to academic achievement and occupational functioning, underlining its relevance in higher-education settings (, ). University students represent a population of particular interest, as academic demands can unmask symptoms previously managed or unrecognized (). Studies report elevated ADHD prevalence among university students, ranging from 2% to 12% worldwide (, ). Healthcare students face additional challenges given intensive curricula and high-stakes clinical responsibilities. In Saudi Arabia, emerging research has characterized ADHD prevalence among medical students, with rates ranging from 10.9% to 26% across different regions (, ). A study at King Abdulaziz University found that 11.9% of undergraduates met criteria for suspected adult ADHD, with notably low prior diagnosis rates (6.5%), suggesting substantial under-recognition ().