Cycloastragenol improves tolerance to acute hypoxic exhaustive exercise stress in mice: integrated network pharmacology and experimental evidence.
Authors: Liu D, Zhang Y, Jia M, Gu Y, Xi X, Zhang Y
Journal: Frontiers in nutrition
mental health
psychology
open access
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent
and debilitating condition characterized by persistent airflow obstruction
and progressive, heterogeneous respiratory symptoms. The global number
of COPD cases is expected to increase by 23% over the next 15 years,
reaching nearly 600 million patients worldwide by 2050. COPD therefore places an increasingly heavy burden
on the healthcare system. While smoking is the primary risk
factor for COPD, ambient air
pollution is also believed to play a significant role in its pathogenesis,
by triggering airway inflammation and oxidative stress in bronchial
epithelial cells. Many studies have investigated
respiratory health effects of acute increases in air pollution levels,
such as short-term peaks caused by wildfires and extreme weather events. These studies have consistently demonstrated that short-term exposure
to air pollution is linked to an increased risk of COPD exacerbation, hospitalization, and mortality. The evidence on
long-term air pollution exposure and development
of COPD, however, is still limited and in general more challenging
to establish. A meta-analysis covering
six prospective studies found that a 10 μg/m increase
in particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm
or less (PM) was associated with an 18% increase in
COPD incidence (95% confidence interval (CI): 13%, 23%). This meta-analysis furthermore found suggestions
of an association with nitrogen dioxide (NO), although
these results are based on a limited number of studies. Other cohort studies not included in this meta-analysis
showed quite inconsistent results for both PM and NO.
disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent
and debilitating condition characterized by persistent airflow obstruction
and progressive, heterogeneous respiratory symptoms. The global number
of COPD cases is expected to increase by 23% over the next 15 years,
reaching nearly 600 million patients worldwide by 2050. COPD therefore places an increasingly heavy burden
on the healthcare system. While smoking is the primary risk
factor for COPD, ambient air
pollution is also believed to play a significant role in its pathogenesis,
by triggering airway inflammation and oxidative stress in bronchial
epithelial cells. Many studies have investigated
respiratory health effects of acute increases in air pollution levels,
such as short-term peaks caused by wildfires and extreme weather events. These studies have consistently demonstrated that short-term exposure
to air pollution is linked to an increased risk of COPD exacerbation, hospitalization, and mortality. The evidence on
long-term air pollution exposure and development
of COPD, however, is still limited and in general more challenging
to establish. A meta-analysis covering
six prospective studies found that a 10 μg/m increase
in particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm
or less (PM) was associated with an 18% increase in
COPD incidence (95% confidence interval (CI): 13%, 23%). This meta-analysis furthermore found suggestions
of an association with nitrogen dioxide (NO), although
these results are based on a limited number of studies. Other cohort studies not included in this meta-analysis
showed quite inconsistent results for both PM and NO.