Cognitive impairment is associated with poorer oral health in people with HIV: evidence from a pilot study.

Companion animals including horses, often undertake human‐like roles as ‘family members’, across their owners' lifespans., Increasing evidence showcases the strong attachments and bonds owners feel with companion animals, and the positive impact on wellbeing including positive child development, and emotional regulation in adulthood. Attachment, a human construct applied to human–animal relationships,, , , demarcates the affectional bond between individuals and a specific attachment figure and includes emotional, cognitive, and behavioural elements., It is influenced by attachment style, personality type, empathy, and species of animal., , , Companion animals satisfy the essential features of attachment figures for humans,, , as they contribute to their owners' feeling needed, being accepted, loved, appreciated, and providing comfort, support, and security in times of stress., , , Therefore, for many, companion animals represent more than commodities or possessions and provide social support and positive physical and psychological outcomes., , , , as effectively as significant friends and family members. Companion animals are also social conduits helping establish human relationships and friendships,, , , and consequently facilitate positive mental health outcomes., The positive effects of companion animal ownership including horses or ‘pet effect’ are a burgeoning area of health‐related research. Attachment is also recognised as a critical component in the veterinary‐client relationship with the level and nature of attachment influencing client decision‐making, with positive and negative consequences for pets' quality of life. Attachment can represent a barrier to adherence to veterinarian advice for example delaying euthanasia decisions, or promote collaborative outcomes that place animals' needs forefront in decision‐making.,