Hair vibrancy: A quantitative multi-modal approach bridging consumer perception, expert and instrumental evaluation.

With the easing of regulatory restrictions and the expansion of telehealth reimbursement, telehealth grew considerably during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (). Although telehealth services in outpatient settings have since waned, utilization remains above pre-pandemic levels and continues to be an important component of patient care. Consequently, nurse-delivered telehealth is increasingly integrated into clinical areas across inpatient and outpatient settings, including chronic disease management, ambulatory care, mental health care, acute care, and end-of-life care (; ; ; Cameron et al., 2021; ; ; ; ; ). Motivations to substitute in-person visits with telehealth are also galvanized by environmental sustainability factors (). However, variations in telenursing adoption have been observed related to geography and nurse racial identity (). Outpatient telehealth services reduce no-show rates, increase patient satisfaction, show high provider satisfaction, and can reduce costs while increasing revenue (; ). For underserved and rural populations, outpatient telehealth can be a vital resource that eliminates many barriers to healthcare services, such as a lack of transportation, time off from work, or child care. Similarly, inpatient telehealth, which uses video conferencing and remote patient monitoring to provide patient care and support hospital care teams at the bedside, is rapidly on the rise. In 2024, 46% of hospitals reported implementing inpatient telehealth nursing, up from 38% in 2023 (). Inpatient telehealth allows a virtual nurse to provide a range of services remotely, including assessments, admissions and discharges, patient and family education, counseling, and care support. One observational study found that the deployment of inpatient telehealth during COVID-19 did not decrease or replace nursing time at the bedside, but was instead complementary (). This growing aspect of telehealth supports the bedside care team by creating more time to provide direct hands-on care, reducing nurse turnover and patient readmissions, and increasing throughput of patient flow and patient satisfaction. Models of telenursing care vary by setting and type of encounter across the care continuum (see and ) (; ; ; ; ; ). The role and scope of practice for licensed registered nurses (RNs) in telehealth services vary by state and organization; these responsibilities range from patient triage and care coordination with other healthcare providers to post-acute care follow-up and leadership of chronic disease management for conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Using optimized technologies (synchronous videoconferencing or remote monitoring), nurses can independently and collaboratively assess, plan, implement, and evaluate the outcomes of care within a remote virtual environment. Telehealth roles in which nurses independently lead care include direct-to-consumer consultation, post-discharge follow-up, home-based remote patient monitoring and telerehabilitation, and family-centered empowerment. Nurses also remotely consult with on-site inpatient teams and community-based service providers to deliver collaborative care across all settings (; ; ).