Executive function challenges persist into young adulthood and predict mental health outcomes in autism.

CKD-associated pruritus (CKD-aP), also known as uremic pruritus, is a highly prevalent and distressing symptom among people with kidney disease. CKD-aP affects approximately 51% (41%–60%) of individuals receiving dialysis and 46% (38%–55%) of persons with nondialysis CKD, with higher prevalence among those with more advanced disease. In observational studies, CKD-aP is linked to poor sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Despite these findings, pruritus is often underreported by patients and underrecognized by nephrology providers. Encouragingly, there is now renewed attention on CKD-aP, both in clinical research and in therapeutic development. In this Perspective, we summarize contemporary approaches to clinical management, recent therapeutic advances, and priorities for future investigation. The primary assessment of CKD-aP includes characterizing itch symptoms, performing a physical examination, evaluating the skin, and assessing for atypical features that might prompt consideration of a different diagnosis. Risk factors for CKD-aP, such as co-occurring systemic diseases, smoking status, and laboratory parameters, should also be considered. The Worst Itch Intensity Numeric Rating Scale (WI-NRS) is a single-question, validated instrument that provides a simple yet reliable way to quantify itch severity and monitor response to therapy. Patients are asked to rate their worst itch intensity over the past 24 hours on a zero to ten scale. As shown in Figure , management of CKD-aP begins with foundational skin care measures that address contributing factors, such as xerosis, inadequate skin hydration, and environmental irritants. Simple interventions, such as daily emollient use, avoidance of hot or prolonged showers, mild cleansers, and gentle towel drying, can meaningfully reduce symptoms.