Reasons for nondisclosure of suicide ideation or attempts among adolescents from ethnoracially and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds with a recent suicidal episode.

Increasing incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, is a global health concern that cannot be explained solely by advanced diagnostic techniques and increased awareness. Epidemiological studies have reported perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, including gestational diabetes, advanced parental age, preterm birth-as well as labor interventions, such as labor epidural analgesia (LEA) or synthetic oxytocin (OT) administration. LEA, which is recommended for labor pain relief, is used in 19–83% of nulliparous women and 10–64% of multiparous women in high‑income countries. In Japan, the proportion of labor analgesia increased from 2.6% in 2009 to 11.6% in 2023. No adverse neonatal outcomes have been demonstrated; however, data on long-term outcomes remain limited. While associations between LEA and ASD or developmental delays have been noted, findings remain inconsistent. Endogenous OT promotes intrapartum uterine contractions, milk ejection, and mother–child attachment. Synthetic OT is widely used to induce and augment labor, with rates exceeding 30% of women in many low- and lower-middle-income countries and in about one‑fifth of women in a large nationwide Japanese birth cohort. Studies on neonatal outcomes with synthetic OT exposure during labor have yielded some results regarding their associations with low Apgar scores, increased neonatal intensive care unit admissions, instrumental delivery rates, and cesarean sections and altered breast-seeking behavior. Long‑term effects of oxytocin administration for labor induction or augmentation on neurodevelopment and ASD have been the focus of recent consensus, but further studies are still needed.