Network-level disconnectivity tracks poststroke depressive symptom improvement.

Rapid advances have been made in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance, infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship, yet those who shoulder a disproportionate risk of and thus share of the AMR burden—migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers—remain relatively invisible in global initiatives on reducing AMR. For instance, migrant populations remain under-represented in World Health Organisation action plan on AMR, and Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) does not adequately include data on migrant populations. Over one-quarter of migrants in Europe are estimated to carry or be infected with drug-resistant pathogens, with greater prevalence seen in community settings than in hospitals (41% vs. 21%, respectively). Furthermore, there is little evidence of onward transmission to receiving populations; rather, migrants themselves face increased risks of exposure during transit and in receiving countries due to poor conditions and barriers to care. When comparing migrants to non-migrants, the prevalence of AMR differs significantly: one cohort study in Denmark analysing antibiotic resistance patterns of in over 14,000 urine samples found Ciprofloxacin resistance in 5.8% of migrants and 2.2% of cases non-migrants respectively, and a similar pattern was observed with Gentamicin (10.8% vs. 4.7%) and Cefuroxime (8.5% vs. 3.4%). Migrants are a heterogenous group. Forced migration broadly stems from natural or human-made disasters including climate change; conflict, violence, persecution, or other violations of human rights; and multi-dimensional insecurity (i.e., economic, political, social) in the country of origin. Increasing and unprecedented rates or forced migration globally have been mirrored by increasingly restrictive migration, health, and social policies in migrant-receiving countries. The COVID-19 pandemic also contributed to more hostile attitudes towards migration and minority communities, and resulted in significant delays in or access to essential immigration or social services, major socio-economic barriers and health insecurity for migrant populations, and key public health consequences including compromised access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, housing, vaccination, and healthcare. For instance, the pandemic increased antibiotic prescribing via telehealth, greater use of prophylactic antibiotics, and widespread concern about secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. These trends were observed globally, including in countries of origin for many migrants, not only in high-income receiving countries. As a result, migrants may be more likely to seek antibiotics through informal or unregulated channels and may feel pressure to present with symptoms that increase the likelihood of receiving a prescription. This inequity is further compounded by community and societal level barriers, such as exclusionary eligibility rules, language discordance, insecure legal status, and the legacy of discriminatory care. Together, these contribute to marginalised communities being outside formal healthcare and surveillance systems, which perpetuates AMR in migrant populations (Fig. ). Interacting individual, community, and societal drivers of antimicrobial resistance in migrant population with structural racism as an underlying factor. Created in BioRender. Pan, D. (2026) .