The correlations of insomnia symptoms with psychopathology and hematological parameters as well as gender differences in patients with schizophrenia.

Type D (distressed) personality is a personality construct defined by the co-occurrence of negative affectivity (NA)—a tendency to experience anxiety, anger, and low mood—and social inhibition (SI)—a tendency to withdraw and to suppress emotional expression due to fear of negative evaluation. A substantial body of research shows that this profile is associated with poorer psychosocial and health-related functioning. Reported correlates include higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, lower quality of life, and less favorable health behaviors. The most widely used measure is the DS-14 scale, and systematic reviews suggest that both components—NA and SI—contribute additively to poorer psychosocial and health outcomes. In the general population, Type D prevalence is typically estimated at 15–25%, depending on the sample and methodology, as reported in normative analyses and population-based reviews. Higher rates have been observed in samples with cardiovascular conditions, including individuals with coronary artery disease or a history of myocardial infarction, where prevalence may reach 30–40%. In Poland, high rates have also been reported among young adults in student samples, and Type D traits have been linked to poorer health self-care. However, outside the context of chronic illness, the relationship between Type D personality and quality of life remains underexplored. Beyond psychosocial outcomes, Type D personality has been linked to the development and poorer prognosis of somatic conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease. In a meta-analysis of 49 clinical studies, Lodder et al. showed that patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure more often displayed Type D traits, which were associated with worse clinical outcomes and a higher risk of cardiac complications. Similarly, a systematic review by Sánchez-Díaz et al. suggested that Type D personality may serve as a marker of poorer quality of life and greater vulnerability to comorbid mood disorders in people with chronic conditions, including cancer and dermatological diseases. Together, these findings indicate that the combination of NA and SI may contribute to maladaptive coping and poorer adjustment to chronic illness, potentially amplifying pathophysiological processes and symptom burden.