Exploring the neuropathological basis of lateral ventricular enlargement in elderly patients with schizophrenia.

Inarguably, walking is one of the most accessible forms of physical activity and a cornerstone of public health. However, as suggested by the idiom, “Walking While Black,” the ability to walk safely and freely is an unrecognized active living privilege. For many Black Americans and non-White presenting individuals, walking in outdoor environments is and has been shaped by historical injustices, structural inequities, and racialized experiences. This review journeys back in time, through the tectonic derivation of the colloquialism and examines the impacts of walking, moving, or just existing as a Black American in nature and open spaces. From the fields of southern cotton plantations filled with African slaves, to “Giving Whites The Wall,” an enforcement of racial hierarchy, subjugation, and White supremacy, and on to the 2020 Christian Cooper incident, an example of weaponized Whiteness in New York City’s Central Park, this historical account will paint an intimate understanding of the malfeasance, fear, intimidation, and underlying maladies of “Walking While Black.” “Walking While Black,” a modern colloquial phrase in American English, evolved from the more commonly known expression “Driving While Black.” During the 1990 s, as evidence mounted that Black motorists in the United States were disproportionately stopped and searched by police compared to White motorists, the phenomenon of “Driving While Black” gained national attention [–]. Areas throughout the country, particularly urban environments were plagued by the racial profiling of state troopers and city police. The idiom was a play on the phrase “Driving While Intoxicated,” and it emphasized how Blackness alone could become grounds for suspicion. Newspapers routinely reported examples of “Driving While Black” while authorities continuously denied the profiling and justified their actions. When a 26-year-old Black man said he was stopped on 26 occasions from the age of 16 years by the Indianapolis police, the Deputy Police Chief replied, “We stop everybody. If it don’t look right, it don’t look right” []. By the mid to late 1990s, the phrase expanded beyond automobiles to include ordinary pedestrian activity. One of the earliest documented references to “Walking While Black” appeared in a 1996 newspaper editorial that described the author’s victimization of this profiling []. Then, three years later, the late Johnnie Cochran was quoted as saying “it’s walking while Black, jogging while Black…indeed, it’s living while Black” []. That same year, “Walking While Black” became an issue of particular notice in New York City when Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Police Commissioner Howar Safir were accused of violating the civil rights of citizens through their stop-and-frisk practices []. Critics argued that Black pedestrians were being targeted simply for existing in public space. Over the next decade or so, the expression continued to suffuse the concrete jungles of cities and urban environments, but more recently it has been unfurled to parks, greenways and other natural settings. “Walking While Black” became more than a phrase about police stops; it evolved into a broader critique of how public spaces are racialized and how walking for many Black Americans has required constant vigilance and self-monitoring to avoid being perceived as a criminal or dangerous (Fig. ).