Posttraumatic stress disorder from early childhood to late adolescence: a resilience-oriented approach to prevention, diagnosis, and clinical management.

Surgery is a cornerstone treatment for solid tumors, significantly improving survival rates in eligible patients. However, it is often accompanied by postoperative adverse events and postoperative complications that severely impact patients' quality of life [–]. POCD, a prevalent neurological complication in cancer patients, presents with deficits in memory, attention, spatial orientation, verbal fluency, and social cognition []. The consequences of POCD may include impaired quality of life due to increased patient dependency, cognitive decline, elevated dementia risk, rising healthcare costs, and increased mortality risk []. The etiology of POCD remains unclear but is associated with age, surgical type, inflammatory responses, pain, and anesthesia []. Currently, no pharmacological treatments have proven effective for POCD, making early prevention a critical strategy []. Acupoint electrical stimulation, a traditional Chinese therapy utilizing low-intensity electrical currents to stimulate specific acupoints, offers advantages such as broad applicability, ease of use, minimal side effects, and cost-effectiveness. It may alleviate POCD through mechanisms including anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant stress reduction, inhibition of hippocampal neuron apoptosis, and modulation of central cholinergic systems [–]. Common clinical modalities include EA, TEAS, and taVNS. While existing research supports the efficacy of certain acupoint stimulation methods in improving postoperative cognitive function and biochemical markers, the optimal intervention remains unclear. Through Bayesian network meta-analysis, we directly compare therapeutic effectiveness against POCD, thereby establishing clinically actionable evidence for practice guidelines. The conduct of this network meta-analysis complied with PRISMA-NMA standards [], employing a protocol prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024617801). The PRISMA 2020 checklist is provided in the Supplementary material Table S1.