Bifidobacterium breve207-1 protects against later-life colitis following early-life antibiotic exposure by enhancing intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis.

Prenatal exercise is considered an effective tool to improve the metabolic health of offspring, as extensively studied in animal models, though little is known about its translatability to humans [–]. In humans, exercise interventions during pregnancy have been associated with reduced risks of short-term outcomes related to pregnancy and delivery, such as preterm delivery and abnormal birth weight [, ], while evidence from human studies on long-term effects on childhood obesity is conflicting [, ]. A recent systematic review found no overall association between prenatal lifestyle interventions and weight or BMI in children up to seven years of age [], while an observational study suggested a lower risk of overweight or obesity in eight-year-old children of mothers who exercised during pregnancy []. In rodents, numerous studies have identified beneficial effects of maternal exercise on metabolic health of adult offspring and while there are likely many factors involved in the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects, recent animal and human research have proposed that exercise-induced adaptations to breast milk composition may be involved in mediating improvements in offspring health [–]. For example, recent animal and human studies have identified exercise-induced increases in specific breast milk components [–], such as the oligosaccharide 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL) [] and the lipokine 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) - an oxylipin that influences systemic metabolism [, ] - which are associated with improved metabolic outcomes in offspring []. However, the extent to which structured exercise interventions during pregnancy may alter the human breast milk metabolome and lipidome remains to be fully elucidated.