Asthma during pregnancy: how obstetricians regard asthmatic patients' treatment.

Adults with disabilities are significantly less likely to meet aerobic physical activity recommendations and have higher rates of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal, and mental health problems than adults without disabilities [, ]. Large-scale syntheses indicate that people living with disabilities are 16% to 62% less likely to meet physical activity guidelines, yet demonstrate clinically significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness, strength, and cardiometabolic risk factors when they participate in structured exercise []. Evidence from adults with chronic disease but without disability, such as those with coronary heart disease or heart failure, also shows that exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation reduces hospitalizations and improves health-related quality of life, underscoring the broader relevance of rehabilitation exercise paradigms [, ]. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs for community-dwelling older adults in Asian countries similarly report improvements in balance, gait speed, and functional mobility []. In Korea, the development of a rehabilitation exercise and sports service-delivery model, the progressive institutionalization of publicly supported rehabilitation exercise and sports services, and the introduction of smart living laboratories together reflect a substantive transition from fragmented, project-based initiatives toward a more integrated and sustainable public service system [–]. These initiatives aim to connect medical rehabilitation with community-based exercise programs, supported by rehabilitation exercise professionals and digital platforms that monitor participation and outcomes. Although community-based physical activity and exercise programs may yield substantial health benefits, their integration with medical rehabilitation is essential for addressing condition-specific functional limitations, ensuring clinical safety and appropriateness, and facilitating continuity of care from supervised rehabilitation to sustained participation in community settings, while also reflecting a balanced consideration of both medical and social models of disability. Nevertheless, studies and implementation reports continue to identify gaps in accessibility, intersectoral coordination, workforce capacity, and sustainable financing [, , ]. These Korea-specific challenges, particularly fragmentation across health, welfare, and sport sectors and limited continuity between clinical and community services, provide the immediate policy rationale for the present review. Accordingly, this narrative review compared public, quasi-public, and community-linked rehabilitation physical activity structures for adults with disabilities in Korea, the United States, Germany, and Japan and identified policy directions for Korea in light of internationally observed trends and Korea-specific barriers related to fragmentation, access, and service continuity. Although the primary focus is on adults with disabilities, we incorporate evidence from adult rehabilitation populations without disabilities (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation and community-based rehabilitation in older adults) when it provides transferable insights for service design.